The ads Nike has chosen for women tennis players differ from how the men
were portrayed. In the women's ads, we see more focus on how their body
is posed and how their point of view relates to the viewer. Maria
Sharapova has two distinct ads that she has done for Nike. One is of
her actually playing a tennis shot while the other is her posing in a
tennis outfit, but looks nothing like she would if she were out on the
court. Both of her ads play on the role of women being a spectacle for
people to look at, men being the main lookers. People who look at these
ads are taking part in scopophilia, "pleasure in looking", because it
plays a part in psychoanalysis and the human subjectivity and sexuality
that are involved (Rose 107). The ads by Nike aid in people staring
because of how they have chosen to display the women athletes.
Scopophilia is more concerned with men looking at a woman which is how
it ties into these tennis advertisements that showcase women to the
public. Unlike what we saw in the men's ads, these two by Sharapova are
aimed at interesting people to look, but get a sense of motivation and
determination from the advertisement. "Psychoanalytic concepts are used
to interpret aspects of visual images and in particular their effects on
spectators" (Rose 108). This is just the case for analyzing this
Sharapova image because people are not looking at her personality or
athletic persona, but are concerned with how she is producing a
particular image.
The outfits that are worn by women tennis players are quite revealing
and do not look like they assume any factor of being comfortable;
instead, it is all part of the show that people come to look at while
they play. People go to watch men play, but when it comes to watching a
women's match, it can be seen as part spectacle. "The idea of sex role
self-concept is important because people process information on lines of
gender schema" (Prakash and Flores 235). From social practices, Nike is
fulfilling the standard that women are often times objectified at the
discretion of men. With the images on ads that Nike chooses to display
we are seeing just that in which women are taking part in a sport role,
but their real role is to sell the product and provide an object for men
to stare at. In their advertisements for men Nike, has chosen to show
the men simply playing tennis while the women are posed in particular
ways to show off their womanly assets in interest to catching the
viewer, or men's attention.
In the ad on the left, Maria Sharapova is in a white tank top and skirt,
which signifies that she is on the tennis court and has just hit a shot.
Her leg flying up in the air could mean something sexual or is the
reaction from her serving motion. The anchorage, "NO to safe second
serves. Here I am" is relaying to spectators that she does not play it
safe, but likes to take risks. "Here I am" is a campaign of Nike's that
is a targeted effort to strengthen their brand among women. By choosing
this photo, people can wonder if they really are strengthening their
brand with women or just making it more accessible to men. This
campaign may not necessarily help other girls or women fall in love with
the idea of competing in sports, but turns to men and asks them to fall
in love with women's sports. The outfits and body posture are posed as
inviting ways for men to look even more than they might have before.
The image on the right is showing Sharapova outside of the tennis court,
but still in a Nike dress that has an athletic look to it. The purpose
of this ad or picture is not clearly known or stated, but we can assume
it is only for men to participate in scopophilia. She is all dolled up
and looks different from the previous image where she is actually
participating in athletic activities. "The most frequently debated and
researched topics concern the use of women in advertising in limited
role portrayals relating to other people and products. The issue that is
raised is whether advertising accurately reflects contemporary women's
roles or stresses stereotypic roles for women through overt portrayals
in particular role situations or through innuendo" (Kerin, Lundstrom,
and Sciglimpaglia 38). The outfits worn by women tennis players play a
part in the stereotypical way for women to dress because it is assumed
that they should be in dresses or skirts, a feminine look. We can infer
that the target audience for this image and ad would be men who want to
look at Sharapova off the court. It could also be targeted at women
because not only is Sharapova successful on the court, but she is able
to obtain fame off which helps create her celebrity and fame status.
Another well-known women's tennis player that Nike features in their
advertisements is Serena Williams. Her ad, "Meet the Queen of Heart" is
a typical portrayal of a woman. In the men's Nike ads it showed them as
being rough and tough through their play, but were never referred to as
a king. A king is a representation of social power and the queen is
under him, yet again putting men above women. In Deborah Tannen's
Gender Discourse, she argues "that her cultural approach to gender
differences does not deny that men dominate women in society, nor does
it ascribe gender differences to women's 'essential nature'" (Tannen 4).
This quote plays on the gender discourse we see in our society, but is
clearly evident in sports advertising. The gender discourses are ways
for society to set expectations for people's lives without giving
thought on how it might impact certain people, especially women.
Williams is smiling and does not look anything close to intimidating,
but instead more like a queen. Her jewelry is a little excessive and I
find that it would be distracting while playing, another signifier that
aids in us seeing the gender identity difference. We are not able to
know if she is even playing let alone on a tennis court when she is
featured in this ad. It is more consumed with her appearance and how
she can be used as a spectacle to not only sell more for Nike, but the
tennis world as well. Both William's and Sharapova's ads show us that
Nike finds it the most effective to display women in advertisements as
sexy and just kind of there with no fuel behind their fire and drive
that makes them so successful on the tennis court.
Back to athlete advertisements |
Kerin, Roger A., Lundstrom, William J., and Donald Sciglimpaglia. "Women in Advertisements: Retrospect and Prospect."Journal of Advertising. (2008) 72: 126-144.
Prakash, Ved and R. Caeli Flores. "A Study of Psychological Gender Differences: Applications for Advertising Format."Advances in Consumer Research. (1985) 12: 231-237.
Rose,Gillian. Visual Methdologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. Sage Publications: Los Angeles, 2007.
Tannen, Deborah.Gender and Discourse.Oxford University Press: New York, 1994. Print.
Images:
http://www.kalasblogg.se/tag/brand/
http://www.stylehive.com/bookmark/sharapovas-red-nike-tennis-dress-cool-or-not-cool-or-not-maria-sharapova-nike-fitsugar-fitness-health-wellbeing-523114
http://the-slice.com/2010/07/new-nike-ads-celebrate-wimbledon-winners/